Tags
Cryptography, DHA, Hacking, NSA, PGP
The very nature of email communication makes it perfect for spying and tapping. Imagine all the emails that fly across the Atlantic Ocean. Every single one of them could be tapped without you even noticing it. Of course, thinking that someone will sit and read every single one of them is preposterous – but the “problem” is that nobody has to.
The biggest reason in my mind to use PGP some years back was to resist the government. That sounds pretty crazy. I don’t mean resist in an anarchistic or Disestablishmentarian way but in the same way that one doesn’t want themselves being frisked by police daily. (Which used to happen to my *underground internet friends a lot*. Maybe its the way they look…)
The FBI, NSA, DEA and other government agencies had the ability to wire-tap pretty much anything they want to. Most recently this has come in the form of the Omnivore and Carnivore boxes, which are installed most probably in every ISP and filter through all the incoming or outgoing packets to pick out those of suspected criminals. This means they read all the information passing though an ISP. That could be anything mine or your private emails, to our banking records, to this node I write, right now. Maybe thats not a terrible thing but I will feel alot safer when my web browser uses cryptographically strong encryption.
The software was first released in 1991, and was distributed by, (among others) Kelly Goen, who used several pay-phones, each miles apart, and an acoustic coupler to upload it to various BBS’, USENET groups, and FTP sites within the US, staying at one location for several minutes before moving on. From there it spread rapidly, and quickly disseminated to Europe and Australasia, among other places.
- Email encryption – this is the main use case. It is now capable of using Diffie-Hellman algorithms as well as RSA. There are plug-ins for the most common email clients.
- File encryption – Apart from the possibility of using public key encryption in email, it can also be used on traditional files. PGP uses strong encryption such as CAST, IDEA, Triple DES, and in the latest version Rijndael.
- File wipe – in most operating systems, when you delete a file, it isn’t really gone. All that has been deleted is the pointer to the file’s location – the bytes which that file used to consist of still exist, and can be recovered using commonly available tools, and can be recoverable even after they actual bytes have been overwritten by special forensic tools. PGP contains a utility which directly over-writes the bytes of the file with pseudo-random data up to thirty-two times. At the highest setting, it takes about four hours to wipe a gigabyte of data. Recent advances in data recovery using very expensive atomic-level imaging equipment may circumvent even this.
- Disk cleaner – this simply writes over all the free space on your hard-drive in the same method as above. This is used for making sure that any programs you’ve used do not leave sensitive temporary files half-deleted. It’s best to leave this running overnight, unless you sleep in the same room as your computer, in which case it’s too noisy – it thrashes your hard-drive, after all š
- Secure networking protocol suite – if anyone’s actually used this, feel free to add a w/u below.
PGP has also established the openPGP message format which is now used by several applications such as GPG. PGP has occasionally made the headlines for having various flaws discovered.
To guard against this, keep your private key on media that you trust not to be available to an attacker, i.e. your home PC under a further (different) layer of encryption, a disk in your wallet, or, if you don’t trust disks, burn a CD and keep it with you – If you feel that someone might want access to your encrypted conversations that badly.
Other vulnerabilities discovered meant that additional decrypting keys (ADKs) could be appended to the end of a public-key without any error checking. This ‘feature’ was originally included in version six and above for corporate use – as a message recovery feature. However, it was discovered that it was possible to add additional ADKs without PGP including them in the key-block hash function checking procedure. Anything encrypted with that public key-block would then be available to the owner of the appended key.
Despite these two flaws (and probably others which happened before my time), PGP remains one of the most user-friendly encryption tools around. However, if you run a NIX variant, GPG is recommended, as the whole thing is GPLed, and they generally fix flaws such as the ones described above within weeks as opposed to months.
To encrypt and sign a message the following steps are observed:
- Signing: An encrypted (or unencrypted) message can be signed to provide absolute proof that the message did indeed come from its apparent recipient. To achieve this, MD5 is applied to the message to get a unique checksum that can only apply to that message. This is then encrypted using RSA and the sender’s private key (which only he knows), this can then be decoded using the sender’s public key (as held by the recipient) to verify that the message is authentic. This works on the principal that only the sender’s public key will decrypt a message encrypted with his private key, which only the sender knows, therefore if it can be decoded it must be from him. The signature is sent along with the main body of the message.
- Encryption: Firstly a unique and random 128bit key is generated for that session (called the session key), the message (or the message and its encoded signature) is then encoded using IDEA using this key. The random key is then encoded using the RSA method with the recipient’s public key and these two encoded parts are combined to form the encoded message (along with a signature if one is present).
- Decryption: To decode the message, the recipient applies his private key to the encoded session key to obtain the session key. This is then applied to the main IDEA encoded message to decode the message, and, if applicable, the electronic signature.
- Authentication: To verify that a message is authentic, the recipient must decode the checksum using the sender’s public key and then MD5 applied to the message to compare with the checksum sent with the message (if they match the message has not been tampered with).
Personally, I am not a criminal, and I really don’t mind the monitoring of terrorism. But at the same time, I strongly resent the fact that I can’t seem to keep my privacy either, because of the mentioned laws and law practices. That’s why I urge you to have a look at PGP – Pretty Good Privacy. Free encryption that makes sure that only the recipient can read your emails!
